An international group of scientists that includes University of Toronto economist and geneticist Jonathan Beauchamphas identified 124 genetic variants associated with a person’s willingness to take risks, as reported in a study published today in Nature Genetics.
The scientists highlight that no variant on its own meaningfully affects a particular person’s risk tolerance or penchant for making risky decisions, and non-genetic factors matter more for risk tolerance than genetic factors. Yet, taken together, the genetic variants identified in the study shed light on some of the biological mechanisms that influence a person’s willingness to take risks.
The study shows evidence of shared genetic influences across both an overall measure of risk tolerance and many specific risky behaviours. It is one of the largest genetics studies to date, and is based on the genetic information from over one million individuals with European ancestries — much larger than any previous study on the genetics of risk tolerance.
Genetic variants that are associated with overall risk tolerance — a measure based on self-reports about individuals’ tendencies to take risks in general — tend to also be associated with more speeding, drinking, tobacco and cannabis consumption, and with riskier investments and sexual behaviour.
“Genetic variants that are associated with overall risk tolerance — a measure based on self-reports about individuals’ tendencies to take risks in general — tend to also be associated with more speeding, drinking, tobacco and cannabis consumption, and with riskier investments and sexual behaviour,” said Beauchamp, corresponding author of the study and assistant professor in the Department of Economics in the Faculty of Arts & Science.
“We also found shared genetic influences on overall risk tolerance and several personality traits and neuropsychiatric traits — including ADHD, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia.”
The effects of each of the 124 genetic variants on an individual basis are all very small, but their combined impact can be significant.
“The most important variant explains only 0.02 per cent of the variation in overall risk tolerance across individuals,” said Beauchamp. “However, the variants’ effects can be combined to account for greater variation in risk tolerance.”
The authors created a ‘polygenic score’ that captures the combined effects of 1 million genetic variants and statistically accounts for approximately 1.6 per cent of the variation in general risk tolerance across individuals.
“I expect it to be useful in social science studies,” said Beauchamp. “For instance, the score can be used to study how genetic factors interact with environmental variables to affect risk tolerance and risky behaviours.”
The authors add, however, that the score cannot meaningfully predict a particular person’s risk tolerance or risk taking behaviour.
The 124 genetic variants are located in 99 separate regions of the genome. The study found no evidence to support previously reported associations between risk tolerance and certain genes (such as genes related to the neurochemicals dopamine or serotonin — which are involved in the processing of rewards and mood regulation).
Instead, the authors’ results suggest that the neurochemicals glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) contribute to variation in risk tolerance across individuals. Both are important regulators of brain activity in humans and animals: glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the body and boosts communication between neurons, whereas GABA inhibits it.
“Our results point to the role of specific brain regions — notably the prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and midbrain — that have previously been identified in neuroscientific studies on decision-making,” Beauchamp said. “They conform with the expectation that variation in risk tolerance is influenced by thousands, if not millions, of genetic variants.”
The data for this study were from the UK Biobank, the personal genomics company 23andMe, and 10 other, smaller genetic datasets.
The authors have developed a set of frequently asked questions about this study to help explain its implications.
The findings are described in the study “GWAS of risk tolerance and risky behaviours in over one million individuals identify hundreds of loci and reveal shared genetic influences,” published in Nature Genetics.
Support for the study was provided by the Ragnar Söderberg Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, the Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation, an ERC Consolidator Grant to Philipp Koellinger, the Pershing Square Fund of the Foundations of Human Behavior, the Open Philanthropy Project, the National Institute on Aging (NIA)/National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Government of Canada through Genome Canada and the Ontario Genomics Institute, and the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.
FAQs: Learn more about how the study was designed and its social implications.